Projects to improve nutrient efficiency to lower environmental impact

Part of: Nutrient Management

Area of Expertise:
Services:

Scientific projects carried out by AFBI include: 'To improve nutrient efficiency to lower environmental impact', 'To investigate protein and energy levels in growing pig diets', 'Nutrient balances on grazed grassland', 'The nature, causes and management of spatial variability in forage grass' production', 'Measurement, modelling and management of nutrient fluxes in grass-based agriculture', 'Surface applied soil conditioners and soil water relations - influence on P loss from grassland', 'Interactions between the phosphorus content of cattle manure and losses of phosphorus in surface runoff following manure applications to grassland', 'Improving the nitrogen use efficiency of fertiliser urea' and 'The effect of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in temperate grassland soils'.

Project : To determine if the enzyme phytase can ameliorate the effects of reducing phosphorus levels in pig diets

Project Leader: Dr Elizabeth Ball

Objectives

To identify if the inclusion of inorganic phosphorus in growing pig diets can be reduced by the use of phytase and hence the excretion of phosphorus within the environment.

Publications

Knowledge Transfer

  • McCann, M.E.E. (2006). Phosphorus for pigs. Farming Life etc., November 2006
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2006). Reducing phosphorus in pig slurry. AFBI Technical note for Slurry Event, 29 June 2006
  • Beattie, V. E. , Gordon, F. J. , McCracken, K. J. (1998). Research project will boost efficiency. Farming Life, 14 February, 1998

Report

  • McCann, M.E.E. (2004). The use of phytase in diets for growing and finishing pigs. Environmentally Friendly Pig Production - Getting the balance right, Edenmore Golf Club, 26 November 2003.

 

Project: To investigate protein and energy levels in growing pig diets

Project Leader: Dr Elizabeth Ball

Objectives

To examine protein and energy levels in growing pig diets and identify how these can be modified to encourage growing pigs to meet their growth potential without over-supply of nutrients.

Publications

  • Ball, M. E. E. , Magowan, E. , Beattie, V. E. , McCracken, K. J. , Henry, W. , Smyth, S. , Bradford, R. , Gordon, F. J. , Mayne, C. S. (2010). The effect of dietary energy source on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 19(3):408-417
  • Weatherup, R. N. , Beattie, V. E. , McCracken, K. J. , Henry, R. W. , McIlroy, S. G. , Smyth, S. (2002). The effects of energy and lysine concentrations in grower diets for pigs on performance from 8 to 12 weeks of age. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 41(1):95-104
  • Weatherup, R. N. , Beattie, V. E. , McCracken, K. J. , Henry, R. W. , McIlroy, S. G. (2000). The effects of energy and protein concentrations in grower diets for pigs on performance from 8 to 12 weeks of age. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, Not Specified:

Journal Articles

Knowledge Transfer

  • McCann, M.E.E. (2006). Phosphorus, phytase and pigs. Pig World, January 2006
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2005). Phytase - not a simple solution. Farming Life, 5 November 2005
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2005). Phosphorus for pigs - getting the balance right?. Farming Life, 29 October 2005
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2005). Wheat or barley - which is best for pigs?. Farming Life, 17 September 2005
  • McCann, M.E.E. , Magowan, E. (2003). Recent research on protein and energy levels in growing pigs - practical implications for pig producers. Research paper for Agricultural Institute of Northern Ireland 2003/2004 Annual Report (In-Press)
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2003). Non-ruminant Nutrition. Presentation to Permanent Secretary and CSO, 8 July 2003
  • McCann, M.E.E. (2002). Hillsborough investigates dietary energy sources for finishing pigs. Farming Life, 6 July 2002
  • McCracken, K. J. , Weatherup, R. N. , Beattie, V. E. , Smyth, S. , Henry, R. W. (2001). The effect of dietary energy source on performance of commercially housed finishing pigs. In: Optimising Pig Productivity and Welfare. Proceedings of a seminar held at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, 28 November 2001. Occasional Publication No 30, pp 21-36.
  • Beattie, V. E. , Weatherup, R. N. (1999). Brainstormer in pigs. Farm Trader, 13 May 1999
  • Beattie, V. E. , Weatherup, R. N. , O'Connell, N. E. (1999). Pig research seminar at Hillsborough. Farming Life, 15 May 1999

  • McCann, M.E.E. , McCracken, K. J. , Beattie, V. E. , Magowan, E. , Smyth, S. , Bradford, R. , Henry, W. (2004). Investigations into phosphorus requirements of growing/finishing pigs and the use of phytase. Proceedings of a seminar held at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Occasional Publication No. 33, pp 51-64.

Project: Nutrient balances on grazed grassland

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Project Leader: Dr Catherine Watson

Objectives

Nitrogen balances (inputs minus outputs) for grazed swards have shown a large amount of N unaccounted for (>50% of inputs). Losses of organic N in drainflow in NI cannot account for the lost N there which in some cases can be more than 300 kg N /ha/yr. Therefore processes other than aquatic losses must be responsible for the N imbalance. The project will use existing data collected in the first 10 years of CENIT where grazed grassland received different rates of N. The project will investigate whether the soil is acting as a sink for the 'missing N'. As the total N content of soil in the top 7.5 cms can exceed 5t/ha, small changes in soil N content can only be detected in long-term studies.
 

Publications

Journal Articles

  • Humphreys, J. , Casey, I. A. , Darmody, P. , O'Connell, K. , Fenton, O. , Watson, C. J. (2008). Quantities of mineral N in soil and concentrations of nitrate-N in groundwater in four grassland-based systems of dairy production on a clay-loam soil in a moist temperate climate. Grass and Forage Science, 63(4):481-494
  • Treacy, M. , Humphreys, J. , McNamara, K. A. , Watson, C. J. , Browne, R. A. (2008). Farm-Gate nitrogen balances on intensive dairy farms in the south-west of Ireland. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 47(2):105-117
  • Watson, C. J. , Jordan, C. , Kilpatrick, D. J. , McCarney, B. J. , Stewart, R. (2007). Impact of grazed grassland management on total N accumulation in soil receiving different levels of N inputs. Soil Use and Management, 23:121-128
  • Humphreys, J. , O'Connell, K. , Watson, C. J. (2003). Effect of nitrate legislation on fertiliser nitrogen management for grassland. International Fertiliser Society, Not Specified(517):36-36
  • Stockdale, E. A., Hatch, D. J. , Murphy, D. V. , Ledgard, S. F. , Watson, C. J. (2002). Verifying the nitrification to immobilisation ratio (N/I) as a key determinant of potential nitrate loss in grassland and arable soils. Agronomie, 22:831-838
  • Watson, C. J. , Travers, G. L. , Kilpatrick, D. J. , Laidlaw, A. S. , O'Riordan, E. G. (2002). Response to Stark and Schimel's letter to the Editor published in Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 1433-1435 (2001). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34:553-555
  • Watson, C. J. (2001). Nitrogen cycling in grassland systems. The International Fertiliser Society Proceedings, 462:1-36

Knowledge Transfer

  • Jordan, C. , Smith, R. V. (2005). N budget for grassland in Northern Ireland. Data supplied to Christopher Breen, Ag Economist, Dundonald House.
  • Watson, C. J. , Foy, R. H. (2001). Coming to terms with N and P imbalance. Invited speaker at BASF/Frank Wright Ltd. Annual Press Briefing on 28th June 2001 on 'Livestock production and the environment - time to act on excess N and P' . Farmers Weekly 6 July 2001

Project: The nature, causes and management of spatial variability in forage grass production

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Project Leader: Dr John Bailey

Objectives

To evaluate and elucidate spatial variability in forage production at sub-field scales using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and to assess the potential for managing the variability and optimising nutrient-use-efficiency and sward productivity using Precision Agriculture Technology.

Publications

Journal Articles

  • McCormick, S. , Jordan, C. , Bailey, J. S. (2009). Within and between-field spatial variation in soil phosphorus in permanent grassland. Precision Agriculture, 10:262-276
  • Xu, H. , Wang, K. , Bailey, J. S. , Jordan, C. , Withers, J. A. (2006). Temporal stability of sward dry matter and nitrogen yield patterns in a temperate grassland. Pedosphere, 16(6):735-744
  • Zhang, J. , Wang, K. , Bailey, J. S. , Ren-Chao, W. (2006). Predicting nitrogen status of rice using canopy spectral reflectance. Pedosphere, 16:108-117
  • Shen, Z. , Shi, J. , Wang, K. , Kong, F. , Bailey, J. S. (2004). Neural network ensemble residual kriging application for spatial variability of soil properties. Pedosphere, 14(3):289-296
  • Zhou, L. , Zhou, S. , Wang, R. , Bailey, J. S. (2004). A GIS-database management application package for fertiliser recommendation in paddy fields. Pedosphere, 14(3):347-353
  • Higgins, S. , Bailey, J.S. , Jordan, C. , Higgins, A.J. (2003). A potential role for soil electrical conductivity mapping in the site-specific management of grassland. Precision Agriculture Proceedings:393-397
  • Jordan, C. , Shi, Z. , Bailey, J. S. , Higgins, A. J. (2003). Sampling strategies for mapping 'within-field' variability in the dry matter yield and mineral nutrient status of forage grass crops in cool temperate climes. Precision Agriculture, 4(1):69-86
  • Jordan, C. , Bailey, J. S. , Smith, R. V. (2002). Resource management of the soils and waters of Northern Ireland. Proceedings of GIS Ireland 2002 Conference, Dublin, 16th October 2002, 1:49-60
  • Shi, Z. , Wang, K. , Bailey, J. S. , Jordan, C. , Higgins, A. J. (2002). Temporal Changes in the Spatial Distribution of some Soil Properties on a Temperate Grassland Site. Soil Use and Management, 18(4):353-362
  • Wang, K. , Xu, H. , Shi, Z. , Bailey, J. S. , Jordan, C. (2000). Soil potassium spatial variability and comparison of several interpolation methods (Chinese). Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 6(3):15-22

Books

  • Bailey, J. S. , White, E. M. , Brown, G. (2006). A proposed assessment and management strategy for cropland inundated by the Asian tsunami. In: Agricultural Research Forum 2006, (Eds. Collins, J. F., Diskin, M. G.), Agricultural Research Forum, Dublin, R. O. I. pp:18-18
  • Bailey, J. S. , Higgins, A. J. (2006). Nature and implications of spatial variability in soil properties within individual grassland fields. In: Agricultural Research Forum, (Eds. Collins, J. F., Diskin, M. G.), Agricultural Research Forum, Dublin, R. O. I. pp:2-2
  • McCormick, S. , Bailey, J. S. , Jordan, C. , Higgins, A. J. (2004). Denitrification as a contributing factor to spatial variability in forage grass production. In: Agricultural Research Forum 2004, (Eds. Diskin, M.G., Collins, J. F.), Teagasc, Dublin, R. O. I. pp:6-6
  • McCormick, S. , Bailey, J. S. , Jordan, C. , Higgins, A. J. (2002). Soil Electrical Conductivity Mapping and its Potential Role in Site-specific Management of Grassland. In: Agricultural Research Forum 2002, (Eds. Collins, J. F., Diskin, M. G.), Agricultural Research Forum, Dublin, R. O. I. pp:7-7

Knowledge Transfer

  • Jordan, C. (2002). GPS offers silage field benefits. Farmers Weekly Vol 137 No15 p.35 (Oct 11-17 2002)
  • Jordan, C. , Smith, R. V. , Bailey, J. S. (2001). Enhanced resource assessment of Northern Ireland soils and waters through the adoption of quantitative methods. Australian Collaborative Land Evaluation Programme (ACLEP) Newsletter, CSIRO, Australia

Reports

  • Bailey, J. S. , Shi, Z. (2003). Report to British Council on 2-month visit to QUB by Dr Zhou Shi. Visit report to British Council on Exchange Visit under Academic Link between QUB and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Feng, X. (2003). Visit report to the British Council on the visit by Chinese Student Miss Xiuli Feng in April 2003. Report on Academic Link Exchange Visit.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2003). Third Year activity plan for Academic Link (SHA/992/308). Activity plan detailing the proposed exchange visits, planned outputs and expenditure for 2003-04.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2003). Second year report on Academic Link (SHA/992/308) between QUB and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China. Progress and achievements of the Academic Link to date.
  • Bailey, J. S. (2002). Visit report to the British Council by J.S. Bailey. Visit by Dr J.S. Bailey to the Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, as coordinator of Academic Link SHA/992/308, in Sep-Oct 2002.
  • McCormick, S. , Bailey, J. S. (2002). Visit report to the British Council by S. McCormick. Visit by S. McCormick to the Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, to receive training in Remote Sensing and GIS applications.
  • Zhang, Q. , Bailey, J. S. (2002). Visit report to the British Council. Visit by Mr Q. Zhang to QUB for two months from July to September 2002.
  • Xu, H. , Bailey, J. S. (2002). Visit report to the British Council on visit by Chinese Assistant Professor Mrs Hongwei Xu to Belfast for two months May-July 2002. Report on visit to QUB.
  • Liu, Y. , Bailey, J. S. (2002). Visit report to the British Council on visit by Chinese MSc student, Miss Liu Ying to Belfast for one month in March/April 2002. Report on the visit by Miss Liu Ying to QUB.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2002). End-of-year report on new Academic Link between Queen's University Belfast and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China. First year annual report on the progress and achievements to date of the new Academic Link.
  • Shi, Z. , Bailey, J. S. (2002). Application for a Royal Society one-year fellowship to enable Dr Shi to undertake a program of reseach in Belfast. Application for a 12-month Royal Society Fellowship (#11,000) to enable Dr Shi to undertake a program of research using remotely sensed satellite imagery to estimate the extent of within-field variability in forage grass production across Northern Ireland.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2001). Second year Activity plan for Academic Link between Queen's University Belfast and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China. Activity plan showing the proposed exchange visits and expenditure for the 2nd year of the Link Project.
  • Wang, K. , Bailey, J. S. (2001). Visit Report to the British Council on the exchange visit by Prof Wang Ke, the China Coordinator of the Academic Link between Queen's University Belfast and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. Report on a three week visit to Belfast by Prof Wang Ke, discuss project management issues and future visits.
  • Shi, Z. , Bailey, J. S. (2001). Visit Report to the British Council on the exchange visit to Belfast for 3 months by Dr Zhou Shi, under the Academic Link between Queen's University and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. Report on exchange visit to Belfast by Dr Zhou Shi from August to October 2001.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2001). Visit Report to the British Council for the exchange visit to Hangzhou by Dr Bailey, the UK Coordinator of the Academic Link. Report on visit to Hangzhou by Dr Bailey to inititate experimental work on the Link Project and to identify Chinese scientists eligible to visit the UK.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2001). First year activity plan for new Academic Link between Queen's University Belfast and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China. Activity plan detailing the exchange visits to be made in 2001/02 to Queen's University and the Zhejiang University and outlining the expenditure for the year.
  • Bailey, J. S. , Wang, K. (2000). Application for Higher Education Link between Queen's University Belfast and the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China. Application for a 3-year Academic Link between the two Universities facilitating joint research on spatial variability in rice production in China and in grass and cereal crop production in Northern Ireland.

Project: Measurement, modelling and management of nutrient fluxes in grass-based agriculture

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Project Leader: Dr John Bailey

Project Objectives

To measure, monitor and model dynamic changes in soil organic and inorganic nutrient pools under grassland during the season, devise a more appropriate soil test for P on basaltic soils, and re-evaluate nutrient recommendations for grassland systems in relation to management intensity.

Publications

Journal Articles

  • Bell, A. , Bailey, J. S. , Smith, R. V. (2005). An evaluation of Olsen-P as a measure of plant available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material. Soil Use and Management, 21(3):322-329
  • Bell, A. , Bailey, J. S. , Smith, R. V. , Allen, M. M. (2005). Development of an alternative soil test to 'Olsen' for determining plant available phosphorus in basaltic soils. Soil Use and Management, 21(3):330-336
  • Smith, R. V. , Lennox, S. D. , Bailey, J. S. (2003). Halting the upward trend in soluble phosphorus transported from a grassland catchment. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32:2334-2340

Book

  • Bell, A. , Bailey, J. S. , Smith, R. V. (2002). Development of a Reliable Soil Test for Plant-available phosphorus on Iron-rich Basaltic Soils. In: Agricultural Research Forum 2002, (Eds. Collins, J. F., Diskin, M. G.), Agricultural Research Forum, Dublin, R. O. I. pp:11-11

Project: Surface applied soil conditioners and soil water relations - influence on P loss from grassland

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Project Leader(s): Dr Suzanne Higgins & Dr Catherine Watson

Objectives

To investigate soil water relations in grassland under surface applied soil conditioners (lime and gypsum) and determine the interaction with P and to evaluate the potential of mitigating P loss using surface applied soil conditioners on grassland.

Publications

Journal Articles

  • Smith, K. A. , Dobbie, K. E. , Thorman, R. , Watson, C. J. , Chadwick, D. , Yamulki, S. , Ball, B. C. (2012). The effect of N fertilizer forms on nitrous oxide emissions from UK arable land and grassland. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 93(2):127-149
  • Higgins, S. , Morrison, S. , Watson, C. J. (2012). Effect of annual applications of pelletised dolomitic lime on soil chemical properties and grass productivity. Soil Use and Management, 28:62-69

Project: Interactions between the phosphorus content of cattle manure and losses of phosphorus in surface runoff following manure applications to grassland

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Objectives

The project is designed to investigate how losses of phosphorus in surface runoff following applications of cattle manure to grass respond to variations in the phosphorus content and composition of cattle manure and the timing and seasonality of manure applications.

Publications

Journal Articles

  • O'Rourke, S. M. , Foy, R. H. , Watson, C. J. , Gordon, A. , Doody, D. G. (2012). Assessment of co-blending water treatment residual with dairy manure to reduce phosphorus concentrations in run-off in Northern Ireland. Soil Use and Management, 28:157-166
  • O'Rourke, S. M. , Foy, R. H. , Watson, C. J. , Ferris, C. P. , Gordon, A. (2010). Effect of varying the Phosphorus Content of Dairy Cow Diets on Losses of Phosphorus in Overland Flow Following Surface Applications of Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, Not Specified(39):2138-2146
  • O'Rourke, S. M. , Foy, R. H. , Watson, C. J. , Ferris, C. P. (2007). Interactions between the phosphorus content of animal manure and losses of phosphorus to water. DJF Plant Science, Not Specified(130):401-403
  • Maguire, R. O. , Rubaek, G. H. , Foy, R. H. , Haggard, B. (2007). Critical evaluation of mitigation options for phosphorus from field to catchment scales. DJF Plant Science, Not Specified(130):41-43
  • Foy, R. H. (2007). Options for reducing the phosphorus surplus in the agricultural economy of Northern Ireland. DJF Plant Science, Not Specified(130):457-459

Knowledge Transfer

  • O'Rourke, S. M. , Foy, R. H. , Watson, C. J. , Patterson, M. P. (2006). Phosphorus losses to water following slurry application to grassland. Poster at Slurry Open Day, Hillsborough, 29th June 2006

Reports

  • Tunney, H. , Kurz, I. , Bourke, D. , O'Reilly, C. E. , Jeffrey, D. W. , Dowding, P. , Foy, R. H. , Kilpatrick, D. J. , Haygarth, P. M. (2008). The Impact of the grazing animal on phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and suspended solids loss from grazed pastures. Teagasc report to EPA Ireland 42p. ISBN: 1-84095 -.
  • Tunney, H. , Kurz, I. , Bourke, D. , O'Reilly, C. E. , Jeffrey, D. W. , Foy, R. H. , Kilpatrick, D. J. , Haygarth, P. M. , Dowding, P. (2007). The impact of the grazing animal on phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and suspended solids loss from grazed pastures. Teagasc report to EPA Ireland 42p. ISBN; 1-84095 - http://www.teagasc.ie/research/reports/environment/5022a/eopr-5022a.pdf.
  • Tunney, H. , Kurz, I. , Bourke, D. , O'Reilly, C. E. , Jeffrey, D. W. , Dowding, P. , Foy, R. H. , Kilpatrick, D. J. , Haygarth, P. M. (2007). The Impact of the grazing animal on phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and suspended solids loss from grazed pastures. Teagasc report to EPA Ireland 42p. ISBN: 1 -84095- http://www.teagasc.ie/research/reports/environment/5022a/eopr-5022a.pdf. 

Project: Improving the nitrogen use efficiency of fertiliser urea

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Project Leader: Dr Catherine Watson

Objectives

The market share of urea fertiliser is increasing because it is the cheapest form of solid N fertiliser available and its high N content (46% N) offers transportation advantages over other sources. Evidence suggests that nitrate leaching is lower with urea fertiliser compared to a nitrate-based form. However, this benefit will be offset by larger emissions of ammonia. Increased use of urea could severely impact on the UKs attempts to reduce ammonia emissions from agriculture. One of the most promising ways of reducing NH3 emission from urea is by using urease inhibitors, the most effective to date being nBTPT, which is commercially available under the tradename of Agrotain.
Urea amended with Agrotain would provide an alternative fertiliser which would be comparable to CAN for grass production and suitable for use throughout the growing season. The amendment would increase the price of urea but as there is currently a large price differential between urea and CAN, the amended product can be priced competitively.
Further work is required to evaluate the agronomic efficacy of the urease inhibitor Agrotain compared with other fertiliser N sources and to assess its environmental impact.

Publications

Journal Articles

  • Watson, C. J. , Laughlin, R. J. , McGeough, K.L. (2009). Modification of nitrogen fertilisers using inhibitors : opportunities and potentials for improving nitrogen use efficiency. The International Fertiliser Society Proceedings, Not Specified(658):1-40
  • Watson, C. J. , Akhonzada, N. A. , Hamilton, J. T. G. , Matthews, D. I. (2008). Rate and mode of application of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) on ammonia volatilisation from surface-applied urea. Soil Use and Management, Not Specified(24):246-253

Knowledge Transfer

  • Watson, C. J. (2005). Urease Inhibitors for use with urea fertiliser. Press Article for Irish Farmers' Journal, Feb 2005

Project: The effect of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in temperate grassland soils

Programme:

Nutrient Management

Subprogramme:

Improved Nutrient Efficiency To Lower Environmental Impact

Objectives

The proposed study will investigate the effect of elevated CO2 on N dynamics in temperate grassland soils. The study will help to predict more accurately the response of grassland to environmental change and improve our understanding of how changing climate and atmospheric composition interact to influence agricultural sustainability. The research may also help in developing future strategies to make N cycling more efficient leading to enhanced plant growth and minimising losses to the environment.

Publications

Journal Article

  • Mueller, C. , Rutting, T. , Abbasi, M. K. , Laughlin, R. J. , Kammann, C. , Clough, T. J. , Sherlock, R. R. , Kattge, J. , Hans-Jurgen, J. , Watson, C. J. , Stevens, R. J. (2009). Effect of elevated CO2 on soil N dynamics in a temperate grassland soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Not Specified(41):1996-2001