Overview
The AFBI Shellfish Management section was created in 2000 and a review of Shellfish Aquaculture in Northern Ireland was produced in 2001, shellfish aquaculture information was collated, gaps in knowledge were highlighted and a number of recommendations were forwarded to Fisheries Division. The recommendation to develop carrying capacity models for the five sea lough systems was given high priority and lead to the Sustainable Mariculture in northern Irish Sea Lough Ecosystems (SMILE) project.
The SMILE project
The five sea lough systems addressed by the Sustainable Mariculture in northern Irish sea Lough Ecosystems (SMILE) project are Belfast Lough, Carlingford Lough, Lough Foyle, Larne Lough and Strangford Lough. The two-year project began in September 2004, this was completed with the handover of the SMILE model at an official launch in February 2007 (see SMILE webpage). The SMILE model has been maintained and developed as aquaculture production and ecosystem management tool. Fisheries Division provide shellfish input and export data supplied by the industry. The input data is used to simulate shellfish harvest, density dependent impacts have been observed in the model and this information could help inform the producer of optimal stocking densities for their sites. Export data from the shellfish production areas is used to validate the model results.
The model has continued to evolve, developing the ecological carrying capacity component to address conservation issues. SMILE has been an integral part of a number of collaborative projects including; the Modiolus Restoration Research group (MRRG) in Strangford Lough with QUB and DOE, the Total Ecosystem Approach to SMILE (TEASMILE) in Belfast Lough with Marine Division and routine Cumulative impact Assessment reports for DAERA. A collaborative project with the Loughs Agency built on the original SMILE project and enhanced various components, in particular, it developed the coupling of a catchment model with the coastal hydrodynamic model, the” Enhanced SMILE for Lough Foyle” (EASE) project was completed in March 2016.
SMILE has been applied to investigate the impact of aquaculture on ecosystem health and has provided evidence that aquaculture can provide an ecosystem service, providing top-down control on phytoplankton biomass, relevant to both the WFD and MSFD.
The concept of considering water as a continuum, and our need to capture Atmospheric, Freshwater, and Marine elements to model and understand the interaction is demonstrated in ecosystem models. Ecosystem models help determine the sources of pollution, how they impact on our coastal waters and how investment is best made going forward to achieve even further improvements in water quality.
Coastal catchment models are currently being developed for > 33% of land cover in NI, these models help inform management and policy decisions for terrestrial systems, affecting both freshwater and marine. Mass balance approach helped to put nutrient loading and shellfish offsets in perspective, the key regulatory ecosystem service is not nutrient removal, but mitigation of eutrophication symptoms
What we do on land (societal choices) not only has an impact on nearshore coastal waters but also on offshore domains.